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    139 views14 pages

    Types of Arches

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    Prashant Pal

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    of 14

    ARCHES IN LONG SPAN BRIDGE:

    INTRODUCTON OF ARCH BRIDGES:


     ARCH BRIDGES ARE ONE AMONGST THE OLDEST SORTS OF BRIDGES
    AND HAVE NICE NATURAL STRENGTH. THEY WERE ORIGINALLY
    DESIGNED OF STONE OR BRICK HOWEVER CURRENTLY ARE DESIGNED
    OF FERROCONCRETE OR STEEL. 

     AN ARCH IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER CURVED IN A VERTICAL PLANE


    AND THE LOADS ON THE ARCH ARE CARRIED BY THE ARCH RIBS
    MAINLY THROUGH DIRECT AXIAL THRUSTS, THE BENDING MOMENTS
    AND SHEAR FORCES BEING SMALL COMPARED TO A GIRDER WHICH
    REQUIRES LARGER SECTION TO WITHSTAND LARGER BENDING
    MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES CAUSED BY THE SAME LOADING.

     THE MAIN PARAMETER OF AN ARCH BRIDGE IS THE RATIO OF THE RISE


    TO THE SPAN, R/L. THIS RATIO VARIES FROM 1/6 TO 1/10 DEPENDING
    UPON THE SITE CONDITIONS AND THE SURROUNDINGS. THE GREATER IS
    THE RATIO, THE LESSER IS THE THRUSTS ON THE SUPPORTS. FROM THE
    CONSIDERATION OF ECONOMY, IT IS ATTEMPTED TO COINCIDE THE
    CENTRE OF PRESSURE OF A GIVEN LOAD WITH THE CENTRE LINE OF
    THE ARCH.
    ADVANTAGES OF BRIDGE:

    1. ARCH BRIDGES ARE GIVEN PLENTY OF DEAD WEIGHT ON TOP OF EACH


    OF THE ARCHES INTO THEIR ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, AND ABLE TO
    SUPPORT LOADS VIA THE NATURAL PROCESS WHEREVER IT GAINS
    STRENGTH. 
    2. AN ARCH BRIDGE IS THOUGHT TO BE A COST-EFFECTIVE WAY FOR
    INDIVIDUALS TO TRAVERSE TINY DISTANCES, THEREFORE SERVING TO
    WITH THE ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF A PARTICULAR REGION.
    3. AN ARCH BRIDGE’S ACIFORM STYLE OFFERS IT ASSOCIATE
    UNNATURAL STRENGTH PURPOSE THAT PERMITS THE STRUCTURE TO
    OWN HIGHER LEVELS OF RESISTANCE TO THE BENDING FORCES THAT
    WILL HAVE THE POWER TO ALTER ITS KIND. 
    4. THE MODERN VERSION OF ARCH BRIDGE SOUNDS SENSIBLY
    ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE LONG SPAN THROUGH THE ARCH BRIDGE IS
    STRUCTURALLY SOUND TO THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHTER MATERIALS.

    DISADVANTAGES OF BRIDGE:

    1. TO BE ABLE TO BUILD AN ARCH BRIDGE, A VERY APPROPRIATE


    LOCATION SHOULD BE CHOSEN, WHEREVER THE MUSE ON EACH ITS
    SIDES ARE SOLID AND STABLE BECAUSE IT WOULD WANT ADDITIONAL
    SUPPORT FROM ITS SIDES.
    2. AN ARCH BRIDGE WILL SOLELY BE OF A DEFINITE SIZE, EITHER
    MULTIPLE ARCHES ARE REQUIRED FOR THE MUSE OF THE STRUCTURE
    OR ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS OUGHT TO BE
    ENCLOSED TO SUPPORT THE LOADS.
    3. THIS TYPE OF BRIDGE NEEDS ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM ITS SIDES
    THAN A STANDARD BRIDGE WOULD. IT SHOULD BE DESIGNED
    WHEREVER THERE IS A STRUCTURALLY SOUND ABUTMENT OR BANK
    TO POSSESS CORRECT SUPPORT.
    4. AS ASSOCIATE ARCH BRIDGE SHOULD BE MADE IN AN EXPLICIT WAY
    TO REQUIRE LONG FOR IT TO BE COMPLETED, THAT IS TRUE
    CONSIDERING THAT NATURAL MATERIALS ARE BEING EMPLOYED TO
    MAKE IT.
    TYPES OF ARCH BRIDGES:

     NEILSEN ARCH
     LOHSE ARCH
     DECK ARCH
     THROUGH ARCH
     TIED ARCH
     HINGED ARCH

    1. NEILSEN ARCH:
     TIED ARCH BRIDGES WITH CROSSING HANGERS ARE WRONGLY CALLED
    NIELSEN-LOHSE BRIDGE.
     ENGINEER OCTAVIUS F. NIELSEN APPLIED FOR A PATENT ON TIED
    ARCHES WITH INCLINED HANGER RODS IN 1926.
     THIS BRIDGE TYPE WAS THEN BUILT ABOUT 60 TIMES, PRIMARILY IN
    SWEDEN. NONE OF THESE BRIDGES HAD CROSSED HANGERS.
     A DRAWBACK TO THE NIELSEN TYPE IS THAT IF THERE ARE DYNAMIC
    LOADS ON THE BRIDGE, THE TENSION ON SOME OF THESE HANGERS
    MAY BE REDUCED, EVEN PUTTING THE HANGER INTO COMPRESSION.
     THE NETWORK ARCH TYPE, WITH MULTIPLE CROSSINGS, I.E. OVERLAP
    IN THE HORIZONTAL AXIS, WAS DEVELOPED BY PER TVEIT TO AVOID
    THIS.

    2. LOHSE ARCH:
     LOHSE BRIDGES HAVE A TIE CONVERSELY CURVED TO THE ARCH. THE
    BRIDGE DECK IS SUPPORTED BY A THIRD STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
    HANGING UNDERNEATH.
     THEY ARE NAMED FOR THE GERMAN ENGINEER HERMANN LOHSE
    (1815–1893) WHO DEVELOPED THEM IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY.

    3. DECK ARCH:
     THIS TYPE OF BRIDGE COMPRISES AN ARCH WHERE THE DECK IS
    COMPLETELY ABOVE THE ARCH. THE AREA BETWEEN THE ARCH AND
    THE DECK IS KNOWN AS THE SPANDREL.
     IF THE SPANDREL IS SOLID, USUALLY THE CASE IN A MASONRY OR
    STONE ARCH BRIDGE, THE BRIDGE IS CALLED A CLOSED-SPANDREL
    DECK ARCH BRIDGE. IF THE DECK IS SUPPORTED BY A NUMBER OF
    VERTICAL COLUMNS RISING FROM THE ARCH,
     THE BRIDGE IS KNOWN AS AN OPEN-SPANDREL DECK ARCH BRIDGE.
    THE ALEXANDER HAMILTON BRIDGE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN OPEN-
    SPANDREL ARCH BRIDGE. FINALLY, IF THE ARCH SUPPORTS THE DECK
    ONLY AT THE TOP OF THE ARCH.

    4. THROUGH ARCH:
     A THROUGH THE ARCH IS ONE WHERE THE UPPER DECK IS FOUND AT
    THE SPRING LINE OF THE ARCH.
     IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE HALF-THROUGH ARCH BRIDGE. FOR THIS
    TYPE OF ARCH BRIDGE REINFORCED CONCRETE OR STEEL MATERIAL IS
    USED.

    5. TIED ARCH:
     TIED ARCH ALSO KNOWN AS A BOWSTRING ARCH, THIS TYPE OF ARCH
    BRIDGE INCORPORATES A TIE BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE
    ARCH.
     THE TIE IS USUALLY THE DECK AND IS CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING
    THE HORIZONTAL THRUST FORCES WHICH WOULD NORMALLY BE
    EXERTED ON THE ABUTMENTS OF AN ARCH BRIDGE.
     THE DECK IS SUSPENDED FROM THE ARCH. THE ARCH IS IN
    COMPRESSION, IN CONTRAST TO A SUSPENSION BRIDGE WHERE
    THE CATENARY IS IN TENSION. A TIED-ARCH BRIDGE CAN ALSO BE A
    THROUGH ARCH BRIDGE.

    6. HINGED ARCH:
     THE HINGED ARCHES INVOLVE THREE HINGE ARRANGEMENTS. SINGLE-
    HINGED TYPE, TWO-HINGED TYPE, AND THREE-HINGED TYPE. IN ARCH
    BRIDGES, TWO HINGES OR THREE HINGES ARE FREQUENTLY USED.
     THE TWO-HINGED ARCH HAS PINS AT THE END BEARINGS, SO THAT
    ONLY HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPONENTS OF FORCE ACT ON
    THE ABUTMENT. THE TWO-HINGED ARCH IS MOST OFTEN USED TO
    BRIDGE LONG SPANS.
     THE THREE-HINGED ARCH HAS A HINGE AT THE CROWN AS WELL AS
    THE ABUTMENTS, MAKING IT STATICALLY DETERMINATE AND
    ELIMINATING STRESSES DUE TO CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE AND RIB
    SHORTENING. 
    STUDY OF ARCH BRIDGES:
     THE COWLITZ RIVER BRIDGE IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, SHOWN IN
    FIGURE 17.5, IS A TYPICAL TRUE CONCRETE ARCH THAT CONSISTS OF A
    FOUR-RIB BOX SECTION THAT SPANS 159 M WITH A RISE OF 45 M.
    PRACTICALLY ALL CONCRETE ARCHES ARE OF THIS TYPE.

    COWLITZ RIVER BRIDGE

     THE LONGEST REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH SPAN IN THE WORLD IS


    THE WANXIAN YANGTZE BRIDGE LOCATED IN CHINA WITH A SPAN OF
    425 M AND A RISE OF 85 M WHICH GIVES A RISE-TO-SPAN RATIO OF 1:5
    [4]. IT IS UNUSUAL IN THAT A STIFF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARCH STEEL
    TRUSS FRAME CONSISTING OF LONGITUDINAL STEEL TUBES FILLED
    WITH CONCRETE AS THE UPPER AND LOWER CHORDS WAS ERECTED TO
    SPAN THE 425 M. IT SERVED AS THE STEEL REINFORCING OF THE ARCH
    AND SUPPORTED THE CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE THAT WAS DEPOSITED
    IN STAGES. THIS BRIDGE IS REALLY A STEEL–CONCRETE COMPOSITE
    STRUCTURE.

    WANXIAN YANGTZE BRIDGE

     THE MILWAUKEE HARBOR BRIDGE IS A THREE-SPAN HALF-THROUGH


    STEEL-TIED ARCH AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 17.8. THE STEEL TIE AT DECK
    LEVEL IS DEEP AND VERY STIFF WHILE THE ARCH RIB IS VERY THIN.
    THE MAIN SPAN LENGTH IS 183 M WITH 82 M FLANKING SPANS. AGAIN,
    NOTE THE APPEARANCE OF THE BRACING BETWEEN RIBS.

    MILWAUKEE HARBOR BRIDGE


     THE THREE-SPAN HALF-THROUGH STEEL-TIED ARCH IS THE FREMONT
    BRIDGE ACROSS THE WILLAMETTE RIVER IN PORTLAND, OREGON, AS
    SHOWN IN FIGURE 17.9. IT IS A DOUBLE-DECK STRUCTURE WITH AN
    ORTHOTROPIC TOP DECK AND A CONCRETE LOWER DECK. THE MAIN
    SPAN OF THE ARCH IS 383 M BETWEEN SPRING POINTS WHICH MAKES IT
    ONE OF THE LONGEST TIED-ARCH SPANS, IF NOT THE LONGEST, IN THE
    WORLD.
    THE FREMONT BRIDGE
     ROOSEVELT LAKE BRIDGE IN ARIZONA. THE LEVEL OF THE LAKE IS TO
    BE RAISED, AND ABOVE THE 200-YEAR LEVEL OF THE LAKE THE ARCH
    RIBS AND BRACING ARE CONSTRUCTED OF STEEL AND BELOW THIS
    LEVEL IN CONCRETE. TO PRESERVE STRUCTURAL CONTINUITY AT THE
    JUNCTION OF THE STEEL AND CONCRETE, THE STEEL RIBS ARE
    PRESTRESSED INTO THE CONCRETE RIB. THE ARCH IS NOT A TIED ARCH
    AND SPANS 335 M WITH A RISE-TO-SPAN RATIO OF ABOUT 1:5.
    EXTENSIVE WIND TUNNEL TESTING WAS PERFORMED ON MODELS OF
    THIS ARCH STRUCTURE DURING THE DESIGN PHASE.
    ROOSEVELT LAKE BRIDGE

    ERECTION TECHNIQUES:

     MOST CONCRETE DECK ARCHES HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED WITH THE


    CONCRETE FORMS AND WET CONCRETE BEING COMPLETELY
    SUPPORTED BY FALSEWORK.
     THEY HAVE ALSO BEEN CONSTRUCTED BY MEANS OF TIEBACK CABLES
    FROM A TOWER THAT IS SUPPORTED BY CABLES ANCHORED INTO THE
    GROUND.
     EACH TIEBACK CABLE WOULD SUPPORT THE FORMS FOR A SEGMENT
    LENGTH OF CONCRETE RIB.
     FOR MULTIPLE ARCHES, THE TIEBACKS WOULD SUPPORT THE FORMS
    AND WET CONCRETE IN BALANCED CANTILEVER SEGMENTS OFF A
    TOWER ERECTED ON A COMMON PIER.
     SEGMENTAL CONCRETE ARCHES HAVE BEEN ERECTED BY CRANES
    THAT ARE SUPPORTED ON THE GROUND OR ON BARGES. THEY PICK UP
    A CONCRETE SEGMENT AND CONNECT IT TO A PREVIOUSLY ERECTED
    SEGMENT. ANOTHER WAY OF DELIVERING AND ERECTING THE
    CONCRETE SEGMENTS IS BY MEANS OF A CABLEWAY SPANNING
    BETWEEN TOWER BENTS.

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